Leonardo da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leonardo da Vinci - Research Paper Example dia Britannica. 2011). His boundless want for information drove him past canvas. Controlled by his great acumen, sharp feeling of perception, and authority of the specialty of drawing, he considered nature; a line of request that permitted him to seek after double workmanship and science (Capra 2007). Life of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was conceived of the ill-conceived relationship of a Florentine public accountant and landowner, Ser Piero, and a youthful laborer lady, Caterina (Bortolon 1967). That in any case, Leonardo da Vinci, delighted in the benefits of a genuine child and experienced childhood in his father’s home and got the standard basic training of those days: perusing, composing, and number juggling (Bortolon 1967). He didn't show a specific inclination for Latin, the key language of customary learning, and higher mathematic until some other time in his life. Because of his creative tendency, which showed up from the get-go throughout everyday life, he fa ther apprenticed him to the prestigious craftsman Andrea Del Verrocchio (Bortolon 1967). He got a multifaceted preparing that included canvas and figure just as the specialized mechanical expressions in Andrea Del Verrocchio’s workshop. ... In 1482, Leonardo deserted two canvas extends, The Adoration of the Magi for the religious community of San Donato and a modify painting for the St Bernard Chapel, in Florence and moved to work for the duke of Milan, Duke Ludovico Sforza (Encyclop?dia Britannica. 2011). The predominant severe scholarly air in Milan just as the duke’s splendid court and the significant undertaking may have lured him to Milan. Without a doubt, the 17 years spent in Milan were productive. He was profoundly regarded as a painter and a stone worker. He finished six works in Milan among which was the celebrated painting, The Last Supper. He likewise had a broad workshop in Milan where he had a few students. Moreover, he filled in as a specialized consultant in the fields of design, fortresses, and military issues, and he filled in as a pressure driven and mechanical architect (Capra 2007). Following the successful section of the French into Milan, Leonardo left the city most likely December 1499 or January 1500. He visited Mantua and Venice before coming back to Florence. Upon appearance in Florence, he was agreed a gathering meriting a prestigious child. Leonardo gave his stay in Florence to escalated logical investigation (Capra 2007). That regardless, he was as yet associated with painting. It was during this period, 1503 †1506, that he painted Mona Lisa (Vezzosi 1997). Upon the greeting of the French representative in Milan, Charles d’ Amboise, Leonardo came back to Milan in May 1506. During his second remain in Milan, he accomplished little work as a painter; rather, he filled in as counselor in compositional issues. His logical exercises arrived at their pinnacle during this time. The removal of the French from Milan in 1513 drove Leonardo

Life is like a box of chocolates Essay

From the outset the statement ‘life resembles a case of chocolates seems’ rather senseless. How could such a huge and muddled idea, for example, life be contrasted with something as little and basic as a crate of chocolates? There have been two contradicting perspectives with respect to the significance of this statement, and every perspective happens by an alternate investigation of what life and chocolates speak to just as what they mean in today’s world. The end to the inquiry can just happen through a careful assessment of the statement itself alongside its potential entailments to perceive what the two gatherings of individuals consider significant and what they decide to disregard. The two contentions appear to function admirably to counter the other and show the blemishes in the different explanation’s hypothesis. As indicated by the World Book Encyclopedia, life is ‘a state, presence, or guideline of presence imagined as having a place with the soul.’ Most individuals, when examined regarding life would not have an extremely clear or compact answer since life isn't something that is entirely substantial. When all is said in done life is viewed as everything that happens to an individual from the second they are destined to the second beyond words. The entirety of their cooperations with the world and the entirety of their contemplations and activities. There doesn't appear to be any arrangement or request to these occasions, simply everything that occurs. Everything. Life is a long procedure with great, terrible and apathetic focuses. As indicated by the World Book Encyclopedia, a crate is ‘a holder, typically with four hardened sides, a base, and a top to pack or put things in,’ and chocolate is ‘a substance made by broiling and crushing cacao seeds.’ A case of chocolates would sensibly be a compartment which holds cacao items. A logical analyzation of a case of chocolates would show a crate (normally rectangular or heart molded) loaded up with somewhere in the range of one to many little, exclusively wrapped chocolates. Normally the kind of chocolate and the filling of every individual shifts inside a given bundle. In America in any case, a container of chocolates implies considerably more then this basic expansion of definitions and a direct visual investigation would persuade. A container of chocolates, in our referent framework, is an image. It for the most part symbolizesâ love, and through metonymy, has been made to mean love. At the point when an endowment of a crate of chocolates is given on Valentine’s Day, it more than represents love, it really implies love. The implications have gotten obscured throughout the years as chocolate has become a standard blessing. It's anything but a unique idea to give somebody chocolate, yet progressively a methods for indicating love. Not a demonstration of affection, however only an outflow of adoration. The principal gathering of individuals for the most part finish the comparison ‘life resembles a crate of chocolates’ with the end ‘you never realize what you’re going to get.’ This gathering sees all the implications of life and of the case of chocolates and saw the best assemblage as that both throughout everyday life, and in chocolates, there is haphazardness and an absence of request. At the point when an individual leaves the front entryway of his home on a Monday morning, it is highly unlikely for him to know whether he is going to locate a hundred dollar greenback tucked under his mat, or an enormous meteor that has fallen and squashed his vehicle. It’s difficult to know whether daily will be a decent day or an awful day, you simply realize that it will be a day. Similar remains constant for eating a crate of chocolates. At the point when you open a container of chocolates, there are columns of non-separated chocolates. They all appear to be identical, but you realize some are loaded up with cream, some with caramel and some with coconut. At the point when you get one, much like when the man opens his front entryway, it is extremely unlikely of knowing whether you will get a decent chocolate (cream) or an awful chocolate (coconut), you simply know you’ll get a chocolate. For the two models it won't be anything but difficult to discern whether it was fortunate or unfortunate until the chocolate, or the day, has been finished. No one can really tell what will occur. The second gathering of individuals for the most part finish the metaphor ‘life resembles a case of chocolates’ with the end ‘a negligent spur of the moment blessing that no one truly wants.’ This gathering takes up a restricting investigation and says that the significant piece of chocolates isn't the irregularity of them inside the bundle, yet rather the image that individuals don’t truly think throughout everyday life, except rather simply proceed as they are required to. Since chocolates have come to mean love, individuals not, at this point do inventive things to communicate their affection. They straightforward purchase chocolates. When the chocolates are conveyed, at that point what. Individuals don’t really need the chocolates, they need the adoration. Since the chocolatesâ have expected the importance of affection, the chocolates themselves go to squander. Who needs to eat their affection? Rather than being eaten quickly, as chocolates are genuinely proposed to be, they are appeared to companions and family members, and in the end put on a rack or in a bureau. They will get eaten on the off chance that somebody shows want, yet it’s not significant. Under this understanding, life is trivial and just for appear. Individuals don’t do things since it is the thing that they feel that they should, individuals do things since they are required to (similarly as the darling is relied upon to give chocolate). It is smarter to set up a grandiose exterior, at that point to be valid and legitimate to the individuals around you.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 10th, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for September 10th, 2019 Sponsored by The Mermaid and Mrs. Hancock by Imogen Hermes Gowar and Harper Perennial. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals The Woman Who Smashed Codes by Jason Fagone for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Sourdough by Robin Sloan for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Storytellers Secret by  Sejal Badani  for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Book of Dust: La Belle Sauvage by  Philip Pullman for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Year of Wonders by Geraldine Brooks for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. 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1984 Dialectical Journals and Quotes Explained - 3039 Words

Dialectical Journals: 1989 By: George Orwell War is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength pg. 14 They are the Party slogans, and are written in big letters on the white pyramid of the Ministry of Truth. Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past. The people controlling the present control everything and can ultimately change the past and, therefore; the future. Big brother controls the present. The slogan is an example of the Partys technique of using false history to deteriorate the psychological independence of its people. Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. This quote adds to the motif/ theme about psychological freedom and independence. In the†¦show more content†¦When the Party speaker suddenly changes the nation he refers to as an enemy in the middle of his speech, the crowds accepts it immediately, and are ashamed to find that they have the wrong rally signs. In the same way, people are able to accept the Party ministries names, though they disagree with their functions The girl with dark hair was coming toward him across the field. With what seemed a single movement she tore off her clothes and flung them disdainfully aside. Her body was white and smooth. pg. 27 Sexual repression theme: this is Winstons dream- the only safe place for independent thought. Citizens of Oceania are not allowed to have sexual pleasure; only reproduction of more Party members. He is rebelling- which is against the law and he can be caught by the thought police for having these thoughts. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU Symbol of Big Brother: A totalitarian government. he is a reassurance to most people (his name suggests his ability to protect), but he is also an open threat (one cannot escape his watch). Big Brother also symbolizes the vagueness with which the higher ranks of the Party present themselvesÂâ€"its impossible to know who rules Oceania, what life is like for the rulers, or why they act the way they do. The Glass Paperweight and St. Clements Church-symbol: Winston buys a paperweight in an antique store in the prole district that comes to symbolize his attempt to reconnect with the past. Symbolically, when the Thought Police arrestShow MoreRelatedEssay on Addiction: Suffering, acceptance, and change1644 Words   |  7 PagesCarl Rogers stated, â€Å"The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change (see http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/carl_rogers.html). Many modern approaches to addiction recovery utilize a dialectical model to examine the change process. 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The origins of social movements are likely to be explained more adequately by theories that recognize that several factors usually converge to give rise to new movements and that in one instance a particular set of factors may be more decisive, while in another instance, a different set of factors may

College Admissions Are Pretty Simple - 1585 Words

College admissions are pretty simple. They check your GPA and ACT/SAT test scores and see if you match their expectations. If you do, they will take you. If you don’t, they will reject you. What about if you are stuck in the middle? What if you don’t quite meet their expectations, but you don’t really fall below them? What’s supposed to be a tie breaker or the cherry on top of the cake is now a very controversial topic. Being a legacy student can have a significant impact in the admission process, if you are one. It also gives you a huge advantage over non-legacy students. Being a legacy student has the potential of getting you admitted into the college that you want, even if you don’t meet all the requirements. UW should take legacy into†¦show more content†¦Not saying that universities and colleges only do this for money, they also do this for tradition, better reputation, loyal students, and an overall appreciation for the college of the university. Having legacy students at the institution will greatly benefit UW by receiving donations from them. With colleges and universities becoming businesses, â€Å"the high rate of monetary support by legacies and their parents is viewed as crucial† for that institution to be financially sound and successful. Moreover, â€Å"over three-quarters of legacies have a parent with a high-status occupation, compared to about 62% of students with college degree parents and less than one-third of students with no degree parents.† This means that the parents of legacy students are usually wealthier than non-legacies. This also means that with wealthier parents, the chance of a donation or donations to the that college or university is most likely to substantially increase. Moving on, legacies arrive on campus forming a distinct status group that is characterized by an abundance of economic, cultural and social capital.† With economic capital, they are more likely to participate i n activities and spend more money. And that’s what colleges or universities want, more money. By partaking in college or university activities, the student will be grow fonder of it later on and might donate to support the institution. In theShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Poverty With Special Focus On India1242 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluenced by capitalist countries causing big corporations to make poor countries even poorer. These rich corporations have more opportunity to become richer because they already have a lot of money. The famous French economist Thomas Piketty has a simple theory about Capitalism and income inequality: that the wealthy have more opportunity to get more money in comparison to someone who is not as fortunate. 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What is BigData!How is it secure!! Free Essays

Nowadays the volume of data and information has grown massively since the beginning of computer , so did the ways of processing and handling those on-growing data , the hardware software and so did the ability to keep those data secure has evolved as well , mobiles , social-media and all deferent types of data caused the data to grow even more and more !! the huge data volume has exceeded a single machine processing capacity and conventional competing mechanisms ! Which led to the use of parallel and distributed processing mechanisms but hence data are expected to increase even more ,the mechanisms and technique as well as hardware, software need to be improved . IntroductionSince the beginning of computers, the people had used landline phones but now they have smartphones. Apart from that, they are also using bulky desktops for processing data, they were using floppiest then hard disk and nowadays they are using cloud for storing data. We will write a custom essay sample on What is BigData?!How is it secure!! or any similar topic only for you Order Now Similarly, nowadays even self-driving cars have come up and it is one of the Internet of things (IOT) examples. We can notice due to this enhancement of technology we’re generating a huge amount of data. Let’s take the example of IOT, have imagined how much data is generated due to using the smart air conditioners, this device actually monitors the body temperature and the outside temperature and accordingly decides what should be the temperature of the room. So, we can actually, see that because of IOT we are generating a huge amount of data. Another example of smartphones, every action even one video or image that is sent through any messenger app will generate data. The data that generate from varicose resources are in structured, semi-structured and structured format. List this data is not in a format that our relational database can handle and apart from that even the volume of data has also increased exponentially. We can define Big data as a collection of data sets very large and complex that it is difficult to analyze using conventional data processing applications or database system tools. In this paper firstly, we will define the big data and how to classify a data as big data. Then, we will discuss the privacy and the security in big data and how the infrastructure techniques can process, store and often also analyses a huge amount of data with different formats. Therefore we’ll see how Hadoop solve these problems and understand few components of Hadoop framework as well as NoSQL and cloud. What is a big data and how to consider a data as a big data? A widely definition of big data belongs to IDC: â€Å"big data technologies describe a new generation of technologies and architectures, designed to economically extract value from very large volumes of a wide variety of data, by enabling the high-velocity capture, discovery, and/ or analysis† [ (Reinsel, 2011) ] According to the 4V’s we can classify the data as a big dataThe 4V’s are: 1- Volume of data: it is tremendously large. 2- Variety: different kinds of data is being generated from various sources: Structured: have a proper schema for your data in a tabular format like table.semi-structured schema is not defined properly like XML E-mail and CSV format. un-structured like audio video images. 3- Velocity: data is being generated at an alarming rate. With Clint-server model the time came for the web applications and the internet boom. Nowadays everyone started using all this applications not only from their computers and also from smartphones. So more users more appliances and hence a lot of data. 4- Value: mechanism to bring the correct meaning out of the data. We need to make sure that whatever analysis we have done it is of some value. That is it will help in business to grow. Or it has some value to it. [ (MATTURDI Bardi1, 2014) ] Infrastructure techniques   There are many tools and technologies used to deal with a huge amount of data (manage, analyze, and organize them): Hadoop: It’s an open source platform managed under the Apache Software Foundation, and its also called-Apache Hadoop-, and it applies processing a huge amount of data â€Å"It allows to work with structured and unstructured data arrays of dimension from 10 to 100 Gb and even more†[ (V.Burunova)] and that have done by using a set of servers . Hadoop consists of two modules that are, MapReduce which distributed data processing among multiple servers and Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) for storing data on distributed clusters. Hadoop monitors the correct work of clusters and can detect and retrieve any error or failure for one or more of connecting nodes and by this way Hadoop efforts increasing in core processing and storage size and high availability. â€Å"Hadoop is usually used in a large cluster or a public cloud service such as Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter, and Amazon† [ (Hadeer Mahmoud, 2018)]. NoSql:Nowaday, the global Internet is handled with many users and large data. To make large numbers of users use it simultaneously. To support this, we will use the NoSql database technology. NoSql: it is non-relational database starting in 2009 used for distributed data management system [ (Harrison, 2010)]  Characteristics of NoSql : Schema less: data insert into Nosql without first defining a rigid database it provides immense application flexibility. Auto-Sharding: data prevalence through server automatically, without requiring application to participate Scalable replication and distribution: more machine can be easily added to the system according to the requirements of the user and software. Queries return answer quickly. Open source development. The popular models of NoSql: Key value-store. Column Oriented Document Store Graph Database  [ (Abhishek Prasad1, 2014)] 2.MapReduce frame work :is an algorithm that was created by google to handle and process massive amounts of Data (BigData) in reasonable time using parallel and distributed computing techniques, in other-words data are processed in a distributed way before transmission, this algorithm simply divides Big volumes of data into many smaller chunks. These chunks are map-ed to many computers then after doing the required calculations the data are brought back together to reduce the resulting data set , so as you can see the MapReduce algorithm consists of to main functions :   User-defined Map function : This function takes an input pair and generates a Key/Value set of pairs, the MapReduce library puts all values with same integrated key, then it will be passed to the reduce function. User-defined Reduce function:   Function that accepts all integrated keys and related values from the map function to combine values in-order to form a smaller set of values . Its generally produce 1 or 0 output values.   Ã‚  MapReduce programs can be run in 3 modes:   A. Stand-Alone Mode: only runs JVM (java virtual machine) , no distributed components it uses Linux file system.    B. Pseudo-Distributed Mode: starts a several JVM processes on the same machine.C. Fully-Distributed Mode: runs on multiple machines distributed mode it uses the HDFS. Sparks. (Yang, 2012 )Stands for Scalable Big Bioacoustics Pressing Platform.Is a scalable audio framework existed to handle and process large audio files efficiently by converting the acoustic recordings into a spectrograms(Visual representation of the sound) and then it analyses the recording areas ,this framework is implemented using BigData platforms such as HDFS and Spark . B2P2 main components are:A. Master Node: this node is responsible of manage distribution and control all other nods , its main function are :1-File-distributor, Distribution-Manager : it splits the file into smaller chunks to be distributed on the slave nodes.2-Job-Distributor, Process-Manager: assigns processing tasks that runs on each slave node and gather the outputted files. (Srikanth Thudumu, 2016)A Comprehensive Study on Big Data Security and Integrity Over Cloud Storage Big data requires a tremendous measure of capacity. Information in Big data might be in an unstructured organization, without standard designing, and information sources can be passed the conventional corporate database. Putting away little and medium measured business association’s information in a cloud as Big Data is a superior choice for information examination work store Big Data in Network-Attached Storage (NAS). The Big Data put away in the cloud can be broke down utilizing a programming procedure called MapReduce in which question is passed and information are brought. e extricated inquiry comes about is at that point lessened to the informational index important to question. is inquiry handling is at the same time done utilizing NAS gadgets. though MapReduce calculation utilization in Big Data is all around refreshing by numerous analysts as it is without an outline and file free, it requires parsing of each record at perusing point. Is the greatest hindrance of MapReduce calculation use for inquiry preparing in distributed computing. Securing Big Data in Cloud there are a few techniques that canbe utilized to secure hugeinformation in cloud conditions. Inthis area, we will analyze a couple oftechniques.1- Source Validation and Filtering:Data is originating from varioussources, with various arrangementsand merchants. the capacity expertought to confirm and approve thesource before putting away theinformation in distributed storage.the information is sifted through thepassage point itself so security canbe kept up. Application Software Security:the essential worry of Big Data is tostore a gigantic volume ofinformation and not about security.Subsequently, it is prudent to utilizeinitially secure renditions of soproduct to get the data. through opensource, so product and freeware maybe modest, it might bring aboutsecurity breaks. Access Control andAuthentication:the distributed storage supplier mustactualize secure access control andconfirmation systems. It needs tofurnish a few solicitations of theclient’s with their parts. at thedifficulty in forcing theseinstruments is that solicitationsmight be from various areas.Scarcely any safe cloud specialistorganizations give validation andaccess control just on enrolled IPtends to in this way guaranteeingsecurity vulnerabilities24. Securingfavored client get to requires all-around characterized securitycontrols and approaches. (Ramakrishnan2, 2016) References   Abhishek Prasad1, B. N. (2014). A Comparative Study of NoSQL Databases. India: National Institute of Technology.Hadeer Mahmoud, A. H. (2018). An approach for Big Data Security bassed on Hadoop Distributed file system . Egypt: Aswan University.Harrison, B. G. (2010). In Search of the Elastic Database. Information Today.MATTURDI Bardi1, Z. X. (2014). Big Data security and privacy: A review. Beijing: University of Science and Technology.Ramakrishnan2, J. R. (2016). A Comprehensive Study on Big Data Security. Indian: ournal of Science and Technology.Reinsel, J. G. (2011). Extracting Value from Chaos. IDC Go-to-Market Services.Srikanth Thudumu, S. G. (2016). A Scalable Big Bioacoustic Processing Platform. Sydney: IEEE.V.Burunova, A. (n.d.). The Big Datsa Analysis. Russia: Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University.Yang, G. (2012 ). The Application of MapReduce in the Cloud Computing. Hubei: IEEE. How to cite What is BigData?!How is it secure!!, Papers

Sociology summary Essay Example

Sociology summary Essay Sociology summary Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sociology summary Sociology refers to study of the human, social life. Sociology is important because it changes the perspective of people on the world. Sociology uses systematic methods of critical analysis, and empirical investigation to evaluate a body of knowledge on human, social activity with the goal of using the information to search for government guidelines planned to profit the general social welfare. The scope of sociology includes culture and deviance, social relations, social interaction and social stratification. The scope has also managed to reach into other distant subjects such as economics, health and scientific development. A key factor in sociology is that society changes with time. Sociology is rooted in societal changes such as the industrial revolution and the scientific revolution that changes the attitudes, behavior and actions. Early sociologists such as Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber were concerned with the social processes that drove the change, for example, the attainment of social objectives, the creation of social classes and the pursuit for solidarity. Other founders such as C. Wright Mills proposed that individuals required a quality of mind that will assist them apply information to achieve logical presumptions of what is going on in the world. The social imagination enables its owner to appreciate the larger historical outlook in terms of its meaning for the inner life. Sociology developed around the 19th century in an answer to the problems arising from modernity. Technological changes and increased mobility contributed to the increased exposure of people to societies and cultures, different from their own. The impact was varied, but for some people, the different cultures warranted an inner understanding of how the world works. Sociology was first introduced by Auguste Comte in 1978 and developed into quantitative and qualitative sociological approaches. Currently, sociology has evolved to investigate human, social life. Introduction to Sociology/Society The basic definition of a society is a cluster of people sharing a definite area and a culture. Social structure refers to the patterns of relationships and behavior within a society. A society is therefore, not only a group of people and culture but also the institutions and relationships between all the entities. Sociology has a distinction between culture and society in that culture refers to the beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and meanings given to symbols in a society. All societies possess cultures and all cultures have societies. Social development is also discussed in the article. Social development is based on the works of Gerhard Lenski who outlined the organizational structures within societies. Social development began with the hunter-gatherer way of life. This way of life was based on exploiting animals and plants. These societies are quite mobile and have flowing boundaries and structures. In these societies, the men hunt larger animals while the women and children collect nuts, roots and fruits. These societies are also nomadic in nature as they travel over vast distances. They also have smaller populations because of their subsistence nature. Prior to 13,000BCE, historical evidence points toward all human societies being hunter-gatherers. Currently, some societies are still embracing the same way of life. Pastoralism is another way of life that is centralized on domesticated livestock. Pastoralists are similarly nomadic as they move seasonally in search of pastures and water for their livestock. Pastoralists often have a larger population than hunter-gatherers, and there is a development of both social divisions and hierarchies in labor due to a food surplus. Presently, some pastoralist societies still exist in parts of Australia where there are sheep stations, in Africa and parts of the Middle East. Horticulturalist societies depend on crop cultivation as the main form of activity. Theories of culture and sociology The easiest way of understanding culture is through viewing the difference between nature and nurture. Culture refers to the abstract, social aspects of human life that are learnt by human beings. Cultures are more than objects or behaviors; they are values, expressive symbols, beliefs and norms. While norms are the way people conduct themselves within the society, values refer to what they hold most important in their lives. High culture refers to the understanding that some cultures are more civilized than others are. Theorists such as Matthew Arnold assumed that culture is created by the best that has been understood by the world. Other objects or aspects that do not fit this category were labeled chaotic. Culture has a constantly changing face toward it. During the Romantic Era, most scholars developed a worldview perspective of culture. This approach distinguished between civilized and uncivilized cultures in the world. Later, the perspective evolved to include a wider variety of societies. This new perspective removed the discriminatory aspect of the worldview and proposed distinctions rather than ranking the cultures into superior and inferior cultures. The origins of culture could be explained using the argument that people living in different locations of the world develop different cultures. Subcultures refer to cultures shared and embraced by a group of people within a larger culture. Subcultures often contain smaller parts of the same culture in which they exist although they may develop substantially to a point that they acquire their own names, for example, biking. Conversely, countercultures are subcultures that have the addition of values, norms or beliefs, for example, the hippie culture or the green movement. The Misguided Advocates of Open Borders Australia has abandoned most of its traditional aspects located in its cultures mainly through immigration. The proposal of opening the borders and remove the restrictions on immigration was bound to have other problems, security excluded. There has been an argument that unrestricted immigration from poor to rich countries could serve as the best way to eradicate Third World poverty. Professor Bagaric from the Deakin University argued that national security, material prosperity and cultural traditions of Australians could be changed by opening up borders to immigrants. Opening the border for immigration across Australia’s borders could have the effect of harming the national interests through a dysfunction of diversity. This includes the increasing imbalance in ethnic stratification that might result in one ethnic group dominating against another within Australia. Ethnic diversity is also closely related to slow economic growth, reduced democracy, increased corruption and organized crime and a higher risk of civil unrest. Unlimited immigration would therefore, be detrimental to first world countries specifically Australia. There have been philosophical issues that have emerged because of the open immigration policy adopted by Australia. First, developed countries were not specifically keen at helping poor countries alleviate their problems by allowing them to mingle with develop cultures. Humanity also looses out by the overpopulation that would be created by the influx of immigrants into developed countries. Secondly, all societies prefer their own people as compared to people from other cultures. Historically, all human societies such as hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists have made certain areas their territories and severely defended them. This shows a reluctance to adopt mass immigration among early societies. Gender There exists a distinction between gender and sex. Gender refers to the perceived component of human sexuality while sex refers to the biological aspect of a human being. Gender refers to a social construction that lacks in defining sex. In gaining a deeper understanding of sex, it can be dichotomized into two main areas: male and female. The female sex is defined by the one producing the reproductive cells that bear offspring. The male is responsible for producing the lesser gamete for fertilization to occur. In most mammals, sex is determined by the X and Y-chromosomes. Gender is a more abstract feeling that an individual is either male or female. Social presentation best shows gender among people in a society. Gender roles are typically expressed through behavioral expectations and norms. People learn the expectations and norms that are required of them in the society and consequently adopt the behaviors that project the gender that they wish to portray. Gender roles are far more flexible than sexes in that they are easily malleable. However, gender involves parents, society, cultures and peers. An example of the difference between gender and sex is in the way a boy and a girl are physically having different features but may share similar gender roles such as dedication, humility or aggression. Apart from the conventional gender roles, there are individuals experiencing gender discordance. These people do not conform to either male or female gender roles. These people may also have biological differences where males may possess female external genitals. The reverse is also true. The study of gender discordance is significant in understanding the emergence of gays and lesbians in the society. There are also differences in the biological and social behaviors among men and women who can be attributed to the roles played by the climatic conditions, as well as other factors. Why Women Make Less than Men The discussion over why women were being paid less in salaries and other forms of reimbursements compared to their male counterparts, mentioned cultural and administrative factors as the reason behind the phenomenon. Women are increasingly viewing a highly paid career as beneficial to them to a point that most of them were ousting men from the positions. The gender hours has been cited as one of the measures that can be used to analyze the contribution by either gender in the workplace. It is common to hear that women earn $30 less than their male counterparts do for every hour that both genders work. It was however, proven that women workers had a tendency of finishing their working hours earlier and logged out of the office leaving behind the male workers. Male workers were also the majority in the lists for extra hours worked. Children have been cited as the main reason as to why women left the workplace earlier than men did. To prove this, studies were done which revealed that childless female employees were more productive than their male counterparts were. The number of women who dropped out of their jobs and had wealthy husbands were also found to be on the increase over the last twenty years. Gender activists provided two main solutions. One, that fathers should play an increased role in the lives of their children. This meant spending more time feeding, sharing and playing with them. This is because while men increase their hours at the workplace, women also contributed significantly to domestic activities. The next solution to closing the hour gap involves childcare policies and longer family leaves. Iceland and Sweden have been cited as the best models for these two programs that have ensured that families have ample time to spend with their members. Despite these measures, mother still tend to spend more time with their children, which reinforces the fact that they will usually produce less hours than men do. Sex differences in humans Sex differences refer to the biological, psychological and mental differences that exist between men and women. Direct sex differences are mainly physical in nature. The differences in the X and Y-chromosomes determine whether an individual will end up a man or a woman. Indirect sex differences occur in the psychological distinctions that exist between men and women. The most glaring differences between the two include the reproductive roles, the internal and external genitals, difference in muscle, height and breasts. Sex determination and differentiation consists of identifying the number of human chromosomes that are X or Y. A set of 23 chromosomes is contributed by the female while the other half originates from the male. The females contain two X chromosomes while the males carry one X and one Y-chromosome. Female eggs also contain one set of 23 chromosomes while the sperm has one set of 23 chromosomes, as well. When an egg fuses having a Y chromosome, the result is a male child while if the sperm contains an X chromosome, the result will be a female child. The whole process of gene selection in chromosomes is referred to as lyonisation. Apart from these two expected results, a phenomenon called sexual dimorphism may occur. In such situations, the resulting child does not exhibit male or female features but may show a mixture of the two physically or psychologically. The subject of human sexual dimorphism has been very controversial in that, many doctors argue that such children cannot possess full function of the mental and physical abilities as either male or female. An example of dimorphism is in the human voice pitch where in the past, men had deep voices while women had high-pitched voices. Some males have been discovered to have high-pitched voices, as well. The physical differences are also significant, for example, the weight, size and shape of the body that differs according to the gender.